The Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Serum Levels Of Some Antioxidants (Vitamin C And E ) Amongst Male Smokers In Levels In College Of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State
Vol. 6 No. 01 (2018)
Medical Sciences and Pharmacy
January 18, 2018
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Smoking has been identified as one of the major risk factors in human diseases such as atherosclerosis and several cancers. This study investigated the effect of smoking on vitamin C and E levels in male cigarette smokers in College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State. A total of 100 subjects comprising of (50 smokers and controls) each were recruited for the study. A well structured questionnaire was used in obtaining the demographic and anthropometric data as well as dietary pattern of subjects. Thereafter, 5mls of blood sample was collected from subjects and used for the evaluation biochemical parameters. Biochemical parameters (vitamin C and E levels) were estimated using standard methods and results subjected to statistical analysis using student t-test and Pearson r correlation. The results show a significant decrease in the mean serum levels of Vitamins C (0.82±0.33 vs 1.49±0.25; p=0.000) and E (12.36±1.61 vs15.61±1.91; p=0.000) in smokers compared with non smokers respectively. More so, there was a significant positive correlation between BMI and serum level of Vitamin C (r=0.345; P=0.014) and E (r=0.187; P=0.024) in cigarette smokers. In conclusion, the study revealed the deleterious effects of cigarette smoking on serum levels of vitamins C and E in smokers. Hence, there is need for proper dietary management in patients.
The Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Serum Levels Of Some Antioxidants (Vitamin C And E ) Amongst Male Smokers In Levels In College Of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State. (2018). International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM), 6(01), MP-2018. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v6i1.mp02
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2. Ames, B.N. (1998). Micronutrients prevent cancer and delay aging. Toxicological Letters; 102–103:5–18.
3. Ames, B.N., Gold, L.S. (1998). The prevention of cancer. Drug Metabolic Review; 30:201–223
4. Calikoglu, M., Tamer, L., Calikoglu, I., Atis, S., Ulubas, B., Ercan, B. (2002). Oxidative stress and products of nitric oxide metabolism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and in healthy smokers. Turkish Respiratory Journal; 3(1):24-27.
5. Cross, C.E., Traber, M., Eiserich, J., van deer Vilet., A. (1999). Micronutrient antioxidants and smoking. British Medical Bulletin; 55:691–704.
6. Dallongeville, J., Marecaux, N., Fruchart, J.C., Amouyel, P. (1998). Cigarette smoking is associated with unhealthy patterns of nutrient intake: a meta-analysis. Journal of Nutrition; 128:1450–1457.
7. Dietrich, M., Block, G., Norkus, E.P., Hudes, M., Traber, M.G., Cross, C.E., Packer, L. (2003). Smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke decrease some plasma antioxidants and increase gamma-tocopherol in vivo after adjustment for dietary antioxidant intakes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 77:160–166.
8. Doll, R., Peto, R., Wheatley, K., Gray, R., Sutherland, I. (1994). Mortality in relation to smoking: 40 years’ observations on male British doctors. British Medical Journal; 309:901–911.
9. Fatemeh, A., Parisa, F., Mohammad, T.G., Jalal, P. (2017). The evaluation of salivary catalase, vitamin C and alpha-amylase in smokers and non-smokers: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Oral Pathology and Medicine; 46(5): 377-380.
10. Genkinger, J.M., Platz, E.A., Hoffman, S.C., Comstock, G.W., Helzlsouer, K.J . (2004). Fruit, vegetable, and antioxidant intake and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality in a community- dwelling population in Washington County, Maryland. American Journal of Epidemiology; 160:1223–1233.
11. Hirvonen, T., Virtamo, J., Korhonen, P., Albanes, D., Pietinen, P. (2000). Intake ]of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins C and E, and risk of stroke in male smokers. Stroke; 31:2301–2306
12. Jadoon, S., Waseem, A., Yaqoob, M., Nabi, A. (2010). Flow injection Spectrophotometric determination of vitamin E in pharmaceuticals, milk powder and blood serum using potassium ferricyanide-Fe(III) detection system. Chinese Chemical Letters; 21(6) (2010) 712–715.
13. Levine, Robert, J. (2006). Some Recent DevelSopments in the International Guidelines on the Ethics of Research Involving Human Subjects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences; 918: 170–178.
14. Lykkesfeldt, J., Christen, S., Wallock, L.M., Chang, H.H., Jacob, R.A., Ames, B.N. (2000). Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and replete by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 71:530–536.
15. Lykkesfeldt, J., Loft, S., Nielsen, J.B., Poulsen, H.E. (1997). Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid as biomarkers of oxidative stress caused by smoking. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 65:959–963.
16. Ma, J., Hampl, J.S., Betts, N.M. (2000). Antioxidant intakes and smoking status: data from the continu- ing survey of food intakes by individuals 1994–1996. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 71:774–780.
17. Marangon, K., Herbeth, B., Lecomte, E., Paul-Dauphin, A., Grolier, P., Chancerelle, Y., Artur, Y., Si- est, G. (1998a). Diet, antioxidant status, and smoking habits in French men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 67:231–239.
18. Mosca L, Rubenfire M, Tarshis T, Tsai A, Pearson T (1997) Clinical predictors of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J American Journal of Cardiology; 80:825–830.
19. Munro LH, Burton G, Kelly FJ (1997) Plasma RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations are lower in smokers than in non-smokers after ingestion of a similar oral load of this antioxidant vitamin. Clinical Science (Lond); 92:87–93.
20. Nagaraj, Priyadarshini M.D., Srikanth. (2014). Effect of cigarette smoking on lipid profile. Journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical research; 3(3):17-20.
21. Nagaraj, Satish, K.D., Prashant, V.P. (2014). Study of serum malondialdehyde and vitamin c in smokers. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research; 3(6): 569-571.
22. Omaye ST, Turnbull JD, Sauberlich HE. Selected methods for the determination of ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids. Methods in Enzymology; 1979;62:3–10.
23. Poulsen, H.E., Loft, S., Prieme, H., Vistisen, K., Lykkesfeldt, J., Nyyssonen, K., Salonen, J.T. (1998). Oxidative DNA damage in vivo: relationship to age, plasma antioxidants, drug metabolism, glutathione- S-transferase activity and urinary creatinine excretion. Free Radical Research; 29:565–571.
24. Pryor, W.A., Stone, K. (1993). Oxidants in cigarette smoke. Radicals, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyni- trate, and peroxynitrite. Annals of New York Academia of Science; 686:12–27.
25. Reilly, M., Delany, N., Lawson, J.A. (1996). Circulation; 94:19-25.
26. Snežana, Bošnjak. (2001). the declaration of Helsinki: The cornerstone of research ethics. Archive of Oncology; 9 (3): 179–84.
27. Strauss, L.H., Scheer, P. (1939). On the influence of nicotine in the determination of vitamin C. Zeitschrift Fur Vitaminforschung; 9:39–48.
28. The Nutrition Information Centre of the University of Stellenbosch (NICUS 2004).Smoking and Vitamin C: Clarifying the concerns. www.sun.ac.za/nicus/. Accessed on 15th May 2017.
29. van Antverpen, V.L., Theron, A.J., Richards, G.A., Steenkamp, K.J., van der Merwe, C.A. (1995). Free Radical Biology and Medicine; 31:935-941.
30. Yokus, B., Mete, N., Cakir, U.D., Toprak, G. (2005). Effects of Active and Passive Smoking On Antioxidant Enzymes and Antioxidant Micronutrients. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment; pp. 117-123.
31. WHO Health for All Database, Copenhagen, 2000.
32. World Health Organization, (2005).The Role of Health Professionals in Tobacco Control [booklet].
33. Zondervan, K.T., Ocke, M.C., Smit, H.A., Seidell, J.C. (1996). Do dietary and supplementary intakes of antioxidants differ with smoking status? International Journal of Epidemiology; 25:70–79.
