Urbanization, Industrialization and Inequalities in Africa: does threshold matter?
Downloads
This paper examines the impact of urbanization and industrialization on observed inequalities in a sample of 48 African countries. We specify and estimate a panel data model using the Generalized Method of Moments-System (GMM-S) over the period 1980-2016 along the different dimensions of inequality. Our results show that urbanization increases income, environmental and housing inequalities in Africa, while industrialization reduces them. Our results remain robust with the use of Panel Smooth Transition Regression Model (PSTR) and Panel Transition Regression Model (PTR). We suggest taking into account the disparities identified in the inclusive urbanization and industrialization policies of African cities.
Downloads
Anyanwu. J.-C., ANDREW. E., ERHIJAKPOR. O., & EMEKA. O. (2016). Empirical Analysis of the Key Drivers of Income Inequality in West Africa. African Development Review, 28(1), 18-38.
Arellano. M., & Bond. S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277-297.
Arellano. M., & Bover O (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental-Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-52.
BAfD/OCDE/PNUD (2017). Perspectives Economiques en Afrique 2017, Entrepreneuriat et
Industrialisation, Editions OCDE, Paris, 344p.
Behrens. K., Mion. G., Murata. Y., & Südekum. J. (2012) Spatial frictions. CEPR Discussion Paper #8572.
Blundell. R., & Bond. S. (1998). Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115-143.
Bonaiuto. M., Aiello. A., Perugini. M., Bonnes. M., & Ercolani. P. (1999). Multidimensional perception of residential environment. Quality and neighborhood attachment in the urban environment». Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 331-352.
Brunori. P., Palmisano. F., & Peragine. V. (2015). Inequality of opportunity in Sub-Saharan Africa in Policy Research Working Paper No. 7782. Washington, DC : World Bank.
Chen. Z., & Zhou. Y. (2005). Income distribution during system reform and economic development in China: The status and trend of income inequality of Chinese residents. New York: Nova Science Pub Inc.
Chen. X.-Y., (2010). Urbanization, industrialization and urban-rural income gap-Based on SVAR model. Economic Latitude and Longitude, 6, 21-24.
Chen. B., Dan. L., & Ming. L. (2018). City size, migration and urban inequality in China. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.05.001
Fosu. A. (2018). Economic Structure, Growth, and Evolution of Inequality and Poverty in Africa: An Overview». Journal of African Economies, 27(1), 1-9.
Kanbur. R., & Zhuang. J. (2013). Urbanization and inequality in Asia». Asian Development Review.
Kuznets. S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45, 1-28.
Lachaud. J.-P. (2006). Urbanisation, pauvreté et capacités : nouveaux défis des stratégies de développement ? Une approche spatio-temporelle au Burkina Faso. Revue d’Économie Régionale & Urbaine, 3, 455-488.
Liddle. B. (2017) Urbanization and Inequality/Poverty. Urban Science 1, doi:10.3390/urbansci1040035.
Mahmood. S., & Noor. Z.-M. (2014). Human Capital and Income Inequality in Developing Countries: New Evidence Using the Gini Coefficient». Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 2(1), 40-48.
Mehic. M., (2018). Industrial employment and income inequality: Evidence from panel data, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2018.02.006
Meunié. A. (2004). Controverses autour de la courbe environnementale de Kuznets, IFREDE-GRES/CED, Université Montesquieu Bordeaux IV Document de Travail/107/2004.
ONU-Habitat, (2014), L’état des villes africaines 2014 : Réinventer la transition urbaine, Nairobi, Kenya, 278p.
Shimeles. A., & Nabassaga. T. (2018). Why Is Inequality High in Africa? Journal of African Economies, 27(1), 108-126.
Tsay. R. (1989). Testing and Modelling Threshold Autoregressive Processes. Journal of the America Statistical Association, 84, 231-240.
Wei. Y.-D., Li. H., & Yue. W. (2017). Urban land expansion and regional inequality in transitional China. Landscape and Urban Planning, 163, 17-31.
WHALLEY J, ZHANG S (2007) A numerical simulation analysis of (Hukou) labour mobility restrictions in China. Journal of Development Economics 83(2): 392-410.
Wooldridge, J. (2013). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (Fifth Edition). Boston Cengage Learning Custom, 910 p.
WU, D., & RAO, P. (2017) Urbanization and Income Inequality in China: An Empirical Investigation at Provincial Level. Soc Indic Res, 131, 189-214.
Copyright (c) 2021 International Journal of Scientific Research and Management
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
