PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES IN PREDOMINANT THERMOPHILIC FUNGI AVAILABLE FROM ORGANIC SUBSTRATES

G.M. Birajdar; Udhav Bhale

doi:10.18535/ijsrm/v9i11.b01

Abstract

Present investigation describes that the study site comes under Aurangabad Division Maharashtra and it falls in Deccan Plateau Zone of India. It was collected different types of organic substrates viz. vermiompost, poultary manure, baggase, farm yard manure (FYM), soil, Ash etc. Isolated thermophilic predominant fungi thermophilic fungi viz.Aspergillus niger, Mucor mucedo,Humicola

insolens,Trichoderma harzianum,T. viride,Penicillium duponti,Fusarium oxysporun and Chaetomium thermophilum were carried out for the production of enzymes. Isolated predominant thermophilic fungi were evaluated on different types of enzymes. Among tested thermophilic fungi, the highest ativity was observed in C. thermophilium (20mm) followed by T. harzianum (19.50mm) In lipase, M. mucedo (15.40mm) was found maximum followed by F. oxysporun. Cellulase activity was found highest in A. nige (25mm) followed by others. In case of xylanase, catalase, peroxidase and esterase activities were found maximum, minimum and medium even negative in some fungi. Maximum pectinase activity was detected from H. insolens (52.26 @ 0 min) and (74.25 @ 10 min) and in case of M. mucedo, F. oxysporun and C. thermophilium was found most extreme while least in A. niger (30.12) and P. duponti (33.47) @ 0 minute.

Key words: Organic Substrates, Thermophilic Fungi, Enzymes

Keywords

Organic SubstratesThermophilic FungiEnzymes

References

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Apinis AE.1963.Thermophilous fungi of costal grasslands in soil organisms, proceedings of the colloquium on soil fauna, soil micro flora and their relationships. Doeksen J and Van der Drift J(ed).North Holland publ, Amsterdam, pp.127-938.Google Scholar ↗
Aro N., Pakula T, Penttila M. 2005. Transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall degradation by filamentous fungi.FEMS Microbiol Rev.,29:719-39. doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.006DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Asghar, HN, Ishaq M, Zahir ZA, Khalid M, Arshad M. 2006. Response of radish to integrated use of nitrogen fertilizer and recycled organic waste. Pak J Bot, 38: 691-700. t: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618399Google Scholar ↗
Atkinson CF, DD Jones, Gauthier JJ.1997. Microbial activities during composting of pulp and papermill primary solids, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 13(5): 519-525. doi: 10.1023/a:1018557123868DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Bairagi S. 2016. Isolation, Screening and Selection of Fungal Strains for Potential Cellulase and Xylanase Production, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention.5 (3):1-6. http://ijpsi.org/Papers/Vol5(3)/A05030106.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗
Barnett HL, Hunter BB. 1972. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p.20 &241.Google Scholar ↗
Balasundaran M. 2008. Development Of Microbial Inoculants For Aerobic Composting. KFRI Research Report No. 324 (Final Report of the Project KFRI 390/03). Biotechnology Discipline Division of Sustainable Natural and Plantation Forest Management Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Trichur, Kerala, pp.-i-ii & 1-32.Google Scholar ↗
Bending GD, and Read DJ. 1997. Lignin and soluble phenolic degradation by ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Mycol. Res. 107: 1348-1354.Google Scholar ↗
Betts WB, Dart RK. 1988. The degradation of lignin related compounds by Aspergillus flavus. Journal of General Microbiology, 134, 2413-2420.Google Scholar ↗
Bhalla A, Bansal N, Kumar S, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. 2013. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes: a review. Bioresour Technol, 128:751-59. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.145DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
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Cihangir N, Sarıkaya E. 2004. Investigation of lipase production by a new isolate of Aspergillus sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.20: 193-197. doi: 10.1023/B:WIBI.0000021781.61031.3aDOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
De Azeredo LAI, Gomes PM, Sant’Anna Jr. GL, Castilho LR, Freire DMG. 2007. Production and regulation of lipase activity from Penicillium restrictum in submerged and solid-state fermentations. Current Microbiology. 54: 361-365. doi: 10.1007/s00284-006-0425-7.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Dingle J, Reid WW, Solomans GL. 1953. The enzyme degradation of pectin and other polysaccharides II, Application of the ‘cup plate assay’ to the estimation of enzymes. J. Sci. Food Agric., 4:149-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740040305DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
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Doolotkeldieva TD, Bobusheva ST. 2011.Screening of wild-type fungal isolates for cellulolytic activity. Microbiology Insights. 4: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4137/MBI.S6418DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
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Haki GD, RakshitSK. 2003. Developments in industrially important thermostable enzymes: a review. Bioresour Technol, 89: 17-34. doi: 10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00033-6.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Hankins L, Anagnostakis SL. 1975. The use of solid media for the detection of enzyme production by fungi. Mycologia. 67:597-607. https://doi.org/10.2307/3758395DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Harper SHT, Lynch JM. 1985. Colonization and decomposition of straw by fungi. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 85:655-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(85)80260-6DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Johri BN, Jain S, Chauhan S. 1985. Enzymes from thermophilic fungi. Proteases and lipases. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci). 94:175-196. https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/plnt/094/02-03/0175-0196.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗
Johri BN, Satyanarayana T, Olsen J. 1999. Thermophilic moulds in Biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA.Google Scholar ↗
Joshi AA, Kanekar PP, Kelkar AS, Shouche YS, Vani,AA, Borgave SB, Sarnaik SS. 2008. Cultivable bacterial diversity of alkaline Lonar Lake, India. Microbial Ecology. 55:163-172.Google Scholar ↗
Kumar RR, Sreelatha B, Girisham S, Reddy SM. 2010. Incidence of thermophilic fungi from different substrates in Andhra pradesh (India). International Journal of Pharma and Bio sciences, 1(3): 1-6.Google Scholar ↗
Lee H, Young Min Lee, Yeongseon Jang, Sangjoon Lee, Hwanhwi Lee, Byoung Jun Ahn, Gyu-Hyeok Kim and Jae-Jin Kim. 2014. Isolation and Analysis of the Enzymatic Properties of Thermophilic Fungi from Compost. Mycobiology.42(2):181-184. doi: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.2.181DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Maheshwari Ramesh, Girish Bharadwaj.Bhat MK. 2000.Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 64(3):461–488. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.64.3.461-488.2000DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Mansfield SD, Mooney C, Saddler JN.1999. Substrate and enzyme characteristics that limit cellulose hydrolysis, Biotechnological Progress. 15: 804-816. doi: 10.1021/bp9900864.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Msaraha Marwan, Izyanti Ibrahimb, Wan Syaidatul Aqma. 2018. Enzyme activity screening of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Dusun Tua Hot Spring, Malaysia AIP Conference Proceedings 1940,020070 .Google Scholar ↗
Naik PS. 2017.Studies on microbial consortia for production and Enrichment of bio-compost from grapevine residues. Master Of Science (Agriculture) Thesis sumitted to the Department of Agricultural Microbiology college of Agriculture, Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad- 580 005.Google Scholar ↗
Nakamura H, Kobayashi J, Nakamura Y, Ohizumi Y, Kondo T, Hirata Y. 1993. Theonellamine B, a novel peptidal Na,K-ATPase inhibitor from an Okinawan marine sponge of the genus Theonella. Tetrahedron Letters. 27:4319-4322.Google Scholar ↗
Papdiwal PB. 1982. Pectolytic enzymes. In: Methods in experimental plant pathology (eds) Mukadam, D. S. and Gangawane, L. V. Marathwada University Press Aurangabad. pp.14-18.Google Scholar ↗
Rajasekaran AK, Maheshwari,, R. 1990.Growth kinetics and intracellular protein breakdown in mesophilic and thermophilic fungi. Indian J Exp Biol. 28: 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80144-5DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Rastogi G, Bhalla A, Adhikari A, Bischoff KM, Hughes SR, Christopher LP, Sani RK. 2010. Characterization of thermostable cellulases produced by Bacillus and Geobacillus strains. Bioresour Technol, 101: 8798-06. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.001.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Sahu S, Pramanik,, K. 2015. Delignification of cotton gm waste and its optimization by using white rot fungus Pycnoporous cinnabarinus. J. Environ. Biol. 36: 661-667. doi: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.05.5556674DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Salar RK,Aneja KR. 2007.Thermophilic Fungi: Taxonomy and Biogeography. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 3(1): 77-107. http://www.ijat-aatsea.com/pdf/jun_v3_07/8-ijat2007_04-r.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗
Satyanarayana T, Johri BN, Klein J. 1992. Biotechnological potential of thermophilic fungi. In: D. K. Arora, R. P. Elander, and K. G. Mukherji (eds.), Handbook of Applied Mycology. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. pp. 729-761. doi: 10.1007/978-94-015-9206-2_3DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Sierra GA. 1957. A simple method for the detection of lypolytic activity of microorganisms and some observations on the influence of the contact between cells and fatty substracts. Antonine van Leeuwenhoeck, 28:15-22. doi: 10.1007/BF02545855.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Singh BS, Saxena,, SB. 1982. Extracellular amylolytic activity of Penicillia. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 61:216-220.Google Scholar ↗
Singleton P, Sambury, D. 1998. Dictionary of Microorganisms. 4th edition John Willey and Sons Press, New York; p. 1017.Google Scholar ↗
Subramanian CV.1971. Hypomycetes:an account of Indian species except cercosporae. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.p.463.Google Scholar ↗
Trojanowski J, Haider K, Sundman V. 1970. Decomposition of 14C labeled lignin and phenols by a Nocardia sp. Archives of Microbiology, 114:149-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00410776DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Viikari L, Alapuranen M, Puranen T, Vehmaanpera J, Siika-Aho, M. 2007. Thermostable enzymes in lignocellulose hydrolysis. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol, 108: 121-45. DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_065DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Waksman SA, Umbreit WW, Cordon TC. 1939.Thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi in soils and in composts. Soil Science, 47: 37-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193902000-00001DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Zambare VP, Bhalla A, Muthukumarappan K, Sani RK, Christopher LP. 2011. Bioprocessing of agricultural residues to ethanol utilizing a cellulolytic extremophile. Extremophiles. 15: 611-18. doi: 10.1007/s00792-011-0391-2.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Yeoman CJ, Han Y, Dodd D, Schroeder CM, Mackie RI,Cann IK. 2010. Thermostable enzymes as biocatalysts in the biofuel industry. Adv Appl Microbiol. 70: 1-5. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(10)70001-0.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-1] Allen PJ, Emerson R, Guayule Rubber.1949. Microbiological improvement by shrub retting. Ind Eng Chem.;41:346–365. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1670867.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-2] Apinis AE.1963.Thermophilous fungi of costal grasslands in soil organisms, proceedings of the colloquium on soil fauna, soil micro flora and their relationships. Doeksen J and Van der Drift J(ed).North Holland publ, Amsterdam, pp.127-938.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-3] Aro N., Pakula T, Penttila M. 2005. Transcriptional regulation of plant cell wall degradation by filamentous fungi.FEMS Microbiol Rev.,29:719-39. doi:10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.006DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-4] Asghar, HN, Ishaq M, Zahir ZA, Khalid M, Arshad M. 2006. Response of radish to integrated use of nitrogen fertilizer and recycled organic waste. Pak J Bot, 38: 691-700. t: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228618399Google Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Atkinson CF, DD Jones, Gauthier JJ.1997. Microbial activities during composting of pulp and papermill primary solids, World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 13(5): 519-525. doi: 10.1023/a:1018557123868DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] Bairagi S. 2016. Isolation, Screening and Selection of Fungal Strains for Potential Cellulase and Xylanase Production, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention.5 (3):1-6. http://ijpsi.org/Papers/Vol5(3)/A05030106.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-7] Barnett HL, Hunter BB. 1972. Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, p.20 &241.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-8] Balasundaran M. 2008. Development Of Microbial Inoculants For Aerobic Composting. KFRI Research Report No. 324 (Final Report of the Project KFRI 390/03). Biotechnology Discipline Division of Sustainable Natural and Plantation Forest Management Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI), Trichur, Kerala, pp.-i-ii & 1-32.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] Bending GD, and Read DJ. 1997. Lignin and soluble phenolic degradation by ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. Mycol. Res. 107: 1348-1354.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] Betts WB, Dart RK. 1988. The degradation of lignin related compounds by Aspergillus flavus. Journal of General Microbiology, 134, 2413-2420.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Bhalla A, Bansal N, Kumar S, Bischoff KM, Sani RK. 2013. Improved lignocellulose conversion to biofuels with thermophilic bacteria and thermostable enzymes: a review. Bioresour Technol, 128:751-59. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.145DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] Bhale UN, Rajkonda JN. 2012. Enzymatic activity of Trichoderma species. Novus Natural Science Research,1(4):1-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312493288_Enzymatic_activity_of_Trichoderma_speciesGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Cihangir N, Sarıkaya E. 2004. Investigation of lipase production by a new isolate of Aspergillus sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology.20: 193-197. doi: 10.1023/B:WIBI.0000021781.61031.3aDOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] De Azeredo LAI, Gomes PM, Sant’Anna Jr. GL, Castilho LR, Freire DMG. 2007. Production and regulation of lipase activity from Penicillium restrictum in submerged and solid-state fermentations. Current Microbiology. 54: 361-365. doi: 10.1007/s00284-006-0425-7.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] Dingle J, Reid WW, Solomans GL. 1953. The enzyme degradation of pectin and other polysaccharides II, Application of the ‘cup plate assay’ to the estimation of enzymes. J. Sci. Food Agric., 4:149-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740040305DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-16] Dominguez A, Pastrana L, Longo MA, Rua ML, Sanroman MA. 2005. Lipolytic enzyme production by Thermus thermophilus HB27 in a stirred tank bioreactor. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 26: 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2005.04.006DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Dix NJ, Webster J.1995. Fungal Ecology. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 549. https://dokumen.tips/documents/fungal-ecology-n-j-dix-and-j-webster-chapman-hall-london-1995-pp.htmlGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Doolotkeldieva TD, Bobusheva ST. 2011.Screening of wild-type fungal isolates for cellulolytic activity. Microbiology Insights. 4: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4137/MBI.S6418DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Gautam SP, Bundela PS, Pandey AK, . Awasthi MK, Sarsaiya S. 2010.Screening of cellulolytic fungi for management of municipal solid waste, J App Sci Environ Sanit. (4):391-395. http://ijpsi.org/Papers/Vol5(3)/A05030106.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-20] Haki GD, RakshitSK. 2003. Developments in industrially important thermostable enzymes: a review. Bioresour Technol, 89: 17-34. doi: 10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00033-6.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Hankins L, Anagnostakis SL. 1975. The use of solid media for the detection of enzyme production by fungi. Mycologia. 67:597-607. https://doi.org/10.2307/3758395DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-22] Harper SHT, Lynch JM. 1985. Colonization and decomposition of straw by fungi. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 85:655-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0007-1536(85)80260-6DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-23] Johri BN, Jain S, Chauhan S. 1985. Enzymes from thermophilic fungi. Proteases and lipases. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Plant Sci). 94:175-196. https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Volumes/plnt/094/02-03/0175-0196.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-24] Johri BN, Satyanarayana T, Olsen J. 1999. Thermophilic moulds in Biotechnology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, USA.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-25] Joshi AA, Kanekar PP, Kelkar AS, Shouche YS, Vani,AA, Borgave SB, Sarnaik SS. 2008. Cultivable bacterial diversity of alkaline Lonar Lake, India. Microbial Ecology. 55:163-172.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-26] Kumar RR, Sreelatha B, Girisham S, Reddy SM. 2010. Incidence of thermophilic fungi from different substrates in Andhra pradesh (India). International Journal of Pharma and Bio sciences, 1(3): 1-6.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-27] Lee H, Young Min Lee, Yeongseon Jang, Sangjoon Lee, Hwanhwi Lee, Byoung Jun Ahn, Gyu-Hyeok Kim and Jae-Jin Kim. 2014. Isolation and Analysis of the Enzymatic Properties of Thermophilic Fungi from Compost. Mycobiology.42(2):181-184. doi: 10.5941/MYCO.2014.42.2.181DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-28] Maheshwari Ramesh, Girish Bharadwaj.Bhat MK. 2000.Thermophilic Fungi: Their Physiology and Enzymes. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 64(3):461–488. doi: 10.1128/mmbr.64.3.461-488.2000DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-29] Mansfield SD, Mooney C, Saddler JN.1999. Substrate and enzyme characteristics that limit cellulose hydrolysis, Biotechnological Progress. 15: 804-816. doi: 10.1021/bp9900864.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-30] Msaraha Marwan, Izyanti Ibrahimb, Wan Syaidatul Aqma. 2018. Enzyme activity screening of thermophilic bacteria isolated from Dusun Tua Hot Spring, Malaysia AIP Conference Proceedings 1940,020070 .Google Scholar ↗

[refR-31] Naik PS. 2017.Studies on microbial consortia for production and Enrichment of bio-compost from grapevine residues. Master Of Science (Agriculture) Thesis sumitted to the Department of Agricultural Microbiology college of Agriculture, Dharwad University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad- 580 005.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-32] Nakamura H, Kobayashi J, Nakamura Y, Ohizumi Y, Kondo T, Hirata Y. 1993. Theonellamine B, a novel peptidal Na,K-ATPase inhibitor from an Okinawan marine sponge of the genus Theonella. Tetrahedron Letters. 27:4319-4322.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-33] Papdiwal PB. 1982. Pectolytic enzymes. In: Methods in experimental plant pathology (eds) Mukadam, D. S. and Gangawane, L. V. Marathwada University Press Aurangabad. pp.14-18.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-34] Rajasekaran AK, Maheshwari,, R. 1990.Growth kinetics and intracellular protein breakdown in mesophilic and thermophilic fungi. Indian J Exp Biol. 28: 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80144-5DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-35] Rastogi G, Bhalla A, Adhikari A, Bischoff KM, Hughes SR, Christopher LP, Sani RK. 2010. Characterization of thermostable cellulases produced by Bacillus and Geobacillus strains. Bioresour Technol, 101: 8798-06. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.001.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-36] Sahu S, Pramanik,, K. 2015. Delignification of cotton gm waste and its optimization by using white rot fungus Pycnoporous cinnabarinus. J. Environ. Biol. 36: 661-667. doi: 10.19080/AIBM.2017.05.5556674DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-37] Salar RK,Aneja KR. 2007.Thermophilic Fungi: Taxonomy and Biogeography. Journal of Agricultural Technology. 3(1): 77-107. http://www.ijat-aatsea.com/pdf/jun_v3_07/8-ijat2007_04-r.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-38] Satyanarayana T, Johri BN, Klein J. 1992. Biotechnological potential of thermophilic fungi. In: D. K. Arora, R. P. Elander, and K. G. Mukherji (eds.), Handbook of Applied Mycology. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. pp. 729-761. doi: 10.1007/978-94-015-9206-2_3DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-39] Sierra GA. 1957. A simple method for the detection of lypolytic activity of microorganisms and some observations on the influence of the contact between cells and fatty substracts. Antonine van Leeuwenhoeck, 28:15-22. doi: 10.1007/BF02545855.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-40] Singh BS, Saxena,, SB. 1982. Extracellular amylolytic activity of Penicillia. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 61:216-220.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-41] Singleton P, Sambury, D. 1998. Dictionary of Microorganisms. 4th edition John Willey and Sons Press, New York; p. 1017.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-42] Subramanian CV.1971. Hypomycetes:an account of Indian species except cercosporae. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.p.463.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-43] Trojanowski J, Haider K, Sundman V. 1970. Decomposition of 14C labeled lignin and phenols by a Nocardia sp. Archives of Microbiology, 114:149-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00410776DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-44] Viikari L, Alapuranen M, Puranen T, Vehmaanpera J, Siika-Aho, M. 2007. Thermostable enzymes in lignocellulose hydrolysis. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol, 108: 121-45. DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_065DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-45] Waksman SA, Umbreit WW, Cordon TC. 1939.Thermophilic actinomycetes and fungi in soils and in composts. Soil Science, 47: 37-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193902000-00001DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-46] Zambare VP, Bhalla A, Muthukumarappan K, Sani RK, Christopher LP. 2011. Bioprocessing of agricultural residues to ethanol utilizing a cellulolytic extremophile. Extremophiles. 15: 611-18. doi: 10.1007/s00792-011-0391-2.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-47] Yeoman CJ, Han Y, Dodd D, Schroeder CM, Mackie RI,Cann IK. 2010. Thermostable enzymes as biocatalysts in the biofuel industry. Adv Appl Microbiol. 70: 1-5. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2164(10)70001-0.DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗