ISSN (Online): 2321-3418
server-injected
Forestry, Environmental and Ecological
Open Access

The future of Peacebuilding: climate-related security risks and peacebuilding efforts in Africa.

,
DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v9i12.fe2· Pages: 215-220· Vol. 9, No. 12, (2021)· Published: December 16, 2021
PDF
Views: 390 PDF downloads: 160

Abstract

The impacts of climate change are increasingly shaping global peace and security. Effective peacebuilding requires the incorporation of climate sensitivity into peacebuilding efforts so as to anticipate the challenges and respond to them in a timely way. Millions of people around the world are already experiencing its effects, both through slow onset changes such as temperature increase, desertification and sea level rise, and rapid onset events such as floods, heat waves and drought. The effects of climate and environmental changes extend beyond the domain of the environment and into the political and social realm. These effects do not automatically turn into security risks. However, through interactions with existing social, economic and demographic pressures, climate change can multiply risks, exacerbate drivers of insecurity and threaten efforts to prevent conflict and sustain peace. With this in mind, this paper looks into the future of peace building with regards to climate related security risks and peace building efforts in Africa drawing lessons from what is obtaining in some African Countries. Lastly, the paper also gives policy recommendations to African governments on the possible policy reforms that would strengthen institutions to ensure sustainable peace in the face of climate change and its associated risks.   

Keywords

Climate ChangeClimate RisksSecurity RisksPeace BuildingAfrica

References

  1. Agrawal, A. (2005). Environmentality: Technologies of Government and the Making of Subjects. Durham, NC: Duke Univ. PressGoogle Scholar ↗
  2. Agrawal, A. (2014). Environmental Governance. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228122528. Accessed on 10 March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  3. American Society of International Law (2001) “U.S. Rejection of Kyoto Protocol Process” The American Journal of International Law 95 (3) pp. 647-650. Available online at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2668508. Last Accessed: 11th December 2011.Google Scholar ↗
  4. Andersen S. (2001) “Global Environmental Governance: UN Fragmentation andGoogle Scholar ↗
  5. Biermann, F. (2004) “Global Environmental Governance. Conceptualization and Examples” Global Governance Working Paper (12) Berlin: The Global Governance Project. Available online at http://www.glogov.org/images/doc/WP12.pdf. Last accessed: - 10th March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  6. Biermann, F. and Bauer, S. (2005) A World Environment Organisation Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar ↗
  7. Biermann, F., Siebenhuner, B., & Schreyogg, A. (Ed.). (2009) International Organisations in Environmental Global Governance. New York. Routledge Research in Environmental Politics.Google Scholar ↗
  8. Bodansky D. (2000) “What’s So Bad About Unilateral Action To Protect The Environment?” EJIL 11 (2) pp. 339-347.Google Scholar ↗
  9. Carter, N. (2007). The politics of the environment; Ideas, Activism, Policy. 2nd Ed. New York. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar ↗
  10. Co-ordination”. Available online at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/articles/2002-/a-00201.pdf. Last Accessed: 10th March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  11. Desombre, E. (2006) Global Environmental Institutions. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar ↗
  12. Eckersley, R. (2007) “Green Theory”, in T. Dunne, M. Kurki and S. Smith (eds), International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar ↗
  13. Finklestien L. (1995) “What is Global Governance?” Global Governance 1 pp. 367-372.Google Scholar ↗
  14. Global Environmental Project (2011) “Current State of the GEG System” Available online at: http://www.environmentalgovernance.org/research/institutions/current-state-of-geg-system/. Last Accessed: 10th March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  15. Gupta A. and Asher M. (1999) Environment and the Developing World: Principles, Policies and Management. Chichester: Wiley.Google Scholar ↗
  16. Hovi, J., Skodvin, T. and Andresen, S. (2003) “The Persistence of the Kyoto Protocol: Why Other Annex I Countries Move on Without the United States” Global Environmental Politics 3 (4) pp. 1-23.Google Scholar ↗
  17. Jagers, S.C., & Stripple, J., (2003). Climate governance beyond the state. Glob. Gov. 9:385–99 6.Google Scholar ↗
  18. Kanie N. (2007) “Governance with Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Healthy or Ill-Equipped Fragmentation”. Available online at: http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/GEG+Kanie.pdf. Last Accessed: 11th December 2011.Google Scholar ↗
  19. Lipschutz R. (1990) “Bioregionalism, Civil Society and Global Environmental Governance”, in M McGinnis (eds), Bioregionalism. London: Routledge.Google Scholar ↗
  20. Najam A., Papa M. and Taiyab M. (2006). Global Environmental Governance: A Reform Agenda. Manitoba: International Institute for Sustainable Development.Google Scholar ↗
  21. Oberthur S. (2006). “The Climate Change Regime: Interactions with ICAO, IMO, and the EU Burden-Sharing Agreement” in S. Oberthur and T. Gehring (eds) Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar ↗
  22. Oberthur, S. and Gehring T (2006) Institutional Interaction in Global Environmental Governance. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar ↗
  23. Oberthur, S. and Gehring T. (2004) “Reforming International Environmental Governance: An Institutionalist Critique of the Proposal for a World Environment Organisation” International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics 4 pp. 359–381.Google Scholar ↗
  24. Ostrom E. 2001. Vulnerability and polycentric governance systems. Update: Newsl. Int. Hum. Dimens. Program. Glob. Environ. Chang. http://www.ihdp.unibonn.de/html/publications/update/IHDP Update01 03.htmlGoogle Scholar ↗
  25. Paterson, M., Humpreys D. and Pettiford L. (2003) “Conceptualizing Global Environmental Governance: From Interstate Regimes to Counter-Hegemonic Struggles” Global Environmental Politics 3 (2) pp. 1 -10.Google Scholar ↗
  26. Pellizoni, A. (2011). “Governing through disorder: Neoliberal environmental governance and social theory” Global Environmental Change 21 (3) pp. 795-803.Google Scholar ↗
  27. Poole, R. E. (2012). "Global Governance and the Environment: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Global Governance in Tackling Contemporary Environmental Issues." Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, 4(06). Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=652Google Scholar ↗
  28. Rabkin J. and Sheenan J. (2005) Global Greens, Global Governance: IEA Environmental Working Paper 4. London: The Institute of Economic Affairs.Google Scholar ↗
  29. Rosenau, J. (1995) “Governance in the Twenty-first Century” Global Governance 1 (1) pp. 13-43.Google Scholar ↗
  30. Roy, J. and Ivanova M. (2007) “The Architecture of Global Environmental Governance: Pros and Cons of Multiplicity”. Available online at: http://www.centerforunreform.org/system/files/Ivanova+and+Roy+GEG.pdf. Last Accessed: 11th December 2011.Google Scholar ↗
  31. Saunier R. and Meganck R. (2007) Dictionary and Introduction to Global Environmental Governance. London: Earthscan.Google Scholar ↗
  32. Shirley S. and Soumin L. (2009) “Eco-Imperialism: The Global North’s Weapon of Mass intervention” Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences ( 2009) 1(3), pp. 846-860.Google Scholar ↗
  33. The Guardian (2011) “Climate deal salvaged after marathon talks in Durban”. Available online at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2011/dec/10/un-climate-change-summit-durban. Last Accessed: 11th December 2011.Google Scholar ↗
  34. Underdal, A. (2010). Complexity and Challenges of Long-Term Environmental Governance. Global Environmental Change, 20, 386-393.Google Scholar ↗
  35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.02.005DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  36. Wapner P. (2003) “World Summit on Sustainable Development: Toward a Post-Jo'burg Environmentalism” Global Environmental Politics 3 (1) pp. 1-10.Google Scholar ↗
  37. World Resources Institute (2011) “International Environmental Governance” Available online at: http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8542. Last Accessed: 10th March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  38. World Trade Organisation (2011) “What is the WTO?” Available online at: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm. Last Accessed: 10th March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  39. WTO (2011) “The Committee on Trade and Environment” Available online: http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/envir_e/wrk_committee_e.htm. Last Accessed: 10th March 2021.Google Scholar ↗
  40. Zelli, F. (2011), “The fragmentation of the global climate governance architecture” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2 pp. 255–270.Google Scholar ↗
Author details
Christopher Choongo Namilonga
1Ph.D. Student College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University, P.O Box 1320, Mutare, Zimbabwe
✉ Corresponding Author
ORCID ↗
👤 View Profile →
Pambi Yusuf Jatutu
PhD Student College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University
👤 View Profile →