ISSN (Online): 2321-3418
server-injected
Political Science
Open Access

Religiosity and Credibility of the Bids and Awards Committee (BAC) of the Civil Aviation Authority of The Philippines (CAAP)

, ,
DOI: 10.18535/ijsrm/v11i08.ps.01· Pages: 90-108· Vol. 11, No. 08, (2023)· Published: August 17, 2023
PDF
Views: 357 PDF downloads: 103

Abstract

This study aimed to establish the significant influence of religiosity on the credibility of the Bids and Awards Committee of the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines. There were 300 respondents in this study chosen through the random sampling technique. Respondents were the members of the Bids and Awards committees, office personnel, suppliers, and bidders of the Civil Aviation of the Philippines, excluding the rest of the aviation employees not involved in the procurement system of CAAP. A non-experimental quantitative design utilized a descriptive correlational technique to gather data. Statistics used in data analysis were the mean and standard deviation, Pearson r, and regression analysis. Results showed a very high level of religiosity and a high level of credibility among the respondents. In addition, the correlation test revealed a significant positive relationship between religiosity and credibility. Furthermore, the regression analysis revealed the overall influence of religiosion to credibility. When regressed individually, it was found that responsibility best predicts credibility.

Keywords

public administrationreligiositycredibilityCAAP employeesregressionPhilippines

References

  1. Abu Bakar, R., Cooke, F. L., & Muenjohn, N. (2018). Religiosity as a source of influence on work engagement: a study of the Malaysian Finance industry. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(18), 2632-2658.Google Scholar ↗
  2. Abu Zayyad, H. M., Obeidat, Z. M., Alshurideh, M. T., Abuhashesh, M., Maqableh, M., & Masa'deh, R. E. (2021). Corporate social responsibility and patronage intentions: the mediating effect of brand credibility. Journal of Marketing Communications, 27(5), 510-533.Google Scholar ↗
  3. Agudelo, M. A. L., Jóhannsdóttir, L., & Davídsdóttir, B. (2019). A literature review of the history and evolution of corporate social responsibility. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 4(1), 1-23.Google Scholar ↗
  4. Ahmed, A., Arshad, M. A., Mahmood, A., & Akhtar, S. (2019). The influence of spiritual values on employee's helping behavior: the moderating role of Islamic work ethic. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 16(3), 235-263.Google Scholar ↗
  5. Ahn, S. Y., & Park, D. J. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and corporate longevity: The mediating role of social capital and moral legitimacy in Korea. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(1), 117-134.Google Scholar ↗
  6. Alam, M. M., Said, J., & Abd Aziz, M. A. (2019). Role of integrity system, internal control system and leadership practices on the accountability practices in the public sectors of Malaysia. Social Responsibility Journal.Google Scholar ↗
  7. Ali, Z., & Zaky, M. (2018). Spiritual values and spiritual practices: Interactive effects on leadership effectiveness. Etikonomi, 17(1), 123-134.Google Scholar ↗
  8. Andabaka, A., & KovacI. (2019, June). MANAGING CONFLICT OF INTEREST TO PROMOTE PUBLIC SECTOR INTEGRITY. In Proceedings of FEB Zagreb International Odyssey Conference on Economics and Business (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 103-112). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Economics and Business.Google Scholar ↗
  9. Anees-ur-Rehman, M., Wong, H.Y., Sultan, P. and Merrilees, B. (2018). How brand-oriented strategy affects the financial performance of B2B SMEs. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-10-2016-0237DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  10. Arli, D.I. and Tjiptono, F. (2018). Consumer ethics, religiosity, and consumer social responsibility: are they related? Social Responsibility Journal, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 302-320. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-03-2016-0036DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  11. Astrachan, J. H., Binz Astrachan, C., Campopiano, G., & Baù, M. (2020). Values, spirituality and religion: Family business and the roots of sustainable ethical behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 163(4), 637-645.Google Scholar ↗
  12. Awaysheh, A., Heron, R. A., Perry, T., & Wilson, J. I. (2020). On the relation between corporate social responsibility and financial performance. Strategic Management Journal, 41(6), 965-987.Google Scholar ↗
  13. Awuni, M., & Zaidan, M. (2019). Organizational citizenship behavior and religiosity at the workplace. International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review, 10(5), 21501-21514.Google Scholar ↗
  14. Balana, C. D. (2013, October 19). Iturri files graft case against CAAP bids officials. The Exciting Centennial of Philippine Aviation. http://philippineairspace.blogspot.com/2013/10/iturri-files-graft-case-against-caap.htmlGoogle Scholar ↗
  15. Berne-Manero, C., & Marzo-Navarro, M. (2020). Exploring how influencer and relationship marketing serve corporate sustainability. Sustainability, 12(11), 4392.Google Scholar ↗
  16. Bitarafan, L., Kazemi, M., & Yousefi Afrashte, M. (2018). Relationship between styles of attachment to god and death anxiety resilience in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(4), 446-457.Google Scholar ↗
  17. Bloomenthal, A., & James, M. (2021, February 6). Letter of Intent (LOI). https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/letterofintent.aspGoogle Scholar ↗
  18. Bloomfield, J., & Fisher, M. J. (2019). Quantitative research design. Journal of the Australasian Rehabilitation Nurses Association, 22(2), 27-30.Google Scholar ↗
  19. Burley, M. (2020). Narrative philosophy of religion: apologetic and pluralistic orientations. International Journal for Philosophy of Religion, 88(1), 5-21.Google Scholar ↗
  20. Carls, P. (n.d.). Durkheim, Emile | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/durkheim/#:~:text=According%20to%20Durkheim%2C%20religion%20isGoogle Scholar ↗
  21. Cooper, D. J., Hamman, J. R., & Weber, R. A. (2020). Fool me once: An experiment on credibility and leadership. The Economic Journal, 130(631), 2105-2133.Google Scholar ↗
  22. Cornford, F. M. (2018). From religion to philosophy. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar ↗
  23. Covey, S. M. (2008). The four cores of credibility. An excerpt from the speed of trust. Retrieved, August 20, 2014 from http://fcw.com/articles/2008/11/14/the-4-cores-of-credibility.aspxGoogle Scholar ↗
  24. Dagohoy, R. (2021). Capabilities and Difficulties of Barangay Officials on Local Budgeting Process. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 5.Google Scholar ↗
  25. Das, M., & Mukherjee, D. (2019). Cosmopolitanism, materialism, consumer ethnocentrism and consumer behaviour: Evidence from aboriginal tripuri tribe of India. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 8(2), 104-119.Google Scholar ↗
  26. Date, S. V. Invitation for bids (IFB)# 2020-24 Firing Range Services for DOCCS Parole.Google Scholar ↗
  27. de Mendonça, H. F., & Almeida, A. F. G. (2019). Importance of credibility for business confidence: evidence from an emerging economy. Empirical Economics, 57(6), 1979-1996.Google Scholar ↗
  28. De Vries-Schot, M., Pieper, J. ZT., and Van Uden, M. HF. (2012). Mature religiosity scale. European Journal of Mental Health 7 (2012) 57–71. DOI: 10.5708/EJMH.7.2012.1.3DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  29. Deller, S. C., Conroy, T., & Markeson, B. (2018). Social capital, religion and small business activity. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 155, 365-381.Google Scholar ↗
  30. DOTr Press Release. (2020, January 2). DOTr - modernization of Davao International Airport inches closer to implementation after getting NEDA-ICC approval. Dotr.gov.ph. https://dotr.gov.ph/55-dotrnews/1067-modernization-of-davao-international-airport-inches-closer-to-implementation-after-getting-neda-icc-approval.htmGoogle Scholar ↗
  31. Estabillo, A., & Gubalani, R. (2021, September 23). DOTr eyes GenSan airport as alternate int’l gateway. Www.pna.gov.ph. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1154445Google Scholar ↗
  32. Farooq, Q., Hao, Y., & Liu, X. (2019). Understanding corporate social responsibility with cross‐cultural differences: A deeper look at religiosity. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 26(4), 965-971.Google Scholar ↗
  33. Fathallah, R., Sidani, Y., & Khalil, S. (2020). How religion shapes family business ethical behaviors: An institutional logics perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 163(4), 647-659.Google Scholar ↗
  34. Flammer, C. (2018). Competing for government procurement contracts: The role of corporate social responsibility. Strategic Management Journal, 39(5), 1299-1324.Google Scholar ↗
  35. Frederick, W. C. (2018). Corporate social responsibility: From founders to Millennials. In Corporate social responsibility, 2(360), pp. 3-38.Google Scholar ↗
  36. Gabriel, A. G., & Castillo, L. C. (2020). Transparency and accountability practices of local government units in the Philippines: A measurement from the ground. Public Organization Review, 20(3), 437-457.Google Scholar ↗
  37. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2018). Descriptive statistics. In IBM SPSS Statistics 25 Step by Step (pp. 126-134). Routledge.Google Scholar ↗
  38. Gorovei, A. A. (2019). Credibility of CSR Programs and Employees' Happiness. A Literature Survey. STRATEGICA, 515-520Google Scholar ↗
  39. Héliot, Y., Gleibs, I. H., Coyle, A., Rousseau, D. M., & Rojon, C. (2020). Religious identity in the workplace: A systematic review, research agenda, and practical implications. Human Resource Management, 59(2), 153-173.Google Scholar ↗
  40. Hennekam, S., Peterson, J., Tahssain-Gay, L. and Dumazert, J.-P. (2018). Managing religious diversity in secular organizations in France. Employee Relations, Vol. 40 No. 5, pp. 746-761. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-06-2017-0142DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  41. Hoogeveen, S., Haaf, J. M., Bulbulia, J. A., Ross, R. M., McKay, R., Altay, S., ... & van Elk, M. (2020). The Einstein effect: Global evidence for scientific source credibility effects and the influence of religiosity.Google Scholar ↗
  42. Hook, J. N., Van Tongeren, D. R., Davis, D. E., Hill, P. C., Hall, M. E. L., McKaughan, D. J., & Howard-Snyder, D. (2021). Trust in God: an evaluative review of the literature and research proposal. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(7), 745-763.Google Scholar ↗
  43. Huda, M., Sudrajat, A., Muhamat, R., Teh, K. S. M., & Jalal, B. (2019). Strengthening divine values for self-regulation in religiosity: insights from Tawakkul (trust in God). International Journal of Ethics and Systems.Google Scholar ↗
  44. Iyer, K. C., Kumar, R., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Understanding the role of contractor capability in risk management: a comparative case study of two similar projects. Construction Management and Economics, 38(3), 223-238.Google Scholar ↗
  45. Jenaabadi, H., & Mir, F. (2019). Role of trust in God and resilience in hope for life of hemodialysis patients. Health, Spirituality and Medical Ethics, 6(1), 33-38.Google Scholar ↗
  46. Kaliyadan, F., & Kulkarni, V. (2019). Types of variables, descriptive statistics, and sample size. Indian dermatology online journal, 10(1), 82.Google Scholar ↗
  47. Kamphorst, J. J., & Swank, O. H. (2018). The role of performance appraisals in motivating employees. Journal of economics & management strategy, 27(2), 251-269.Google Scholar ↗
  48. Kang, A. J. H. (2021). Essential Change Factors to Enhance Integrity Competitiveness. In The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Ethics (pp. 15-31). Springer, Cham.Google Scholar ↗
  49. Kanjere, M., & Koto, A. (2021). Public Procurement Corruption and Corporate Scandals in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A Content Analysis Perspective. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Relationes Internationales, 14(2).Google Scholar ↗
  50. Li, X. (2021). Putting perceived HR credibility into the HRM process picture: insights from the elaboration likelihood model. In Handbook on HR Process Research. Edward Elgar Publishing.Google Scholar ↗
  51. Long, W., Li, S., Wu, H., & Song, X. (2020). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: The roles of government intervention and market competition. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(2), 525-541.Google Scholar ↗
  52. Luckmann, T. (2019). The new and the old in religion. In Social theory for a changing society (pp. 167-188). Routledge.Google Scholar ↗
  53. Mahrani, M., & Soewarno, N. (2018). The effect of good corporate governance mechanism and corporate social responsibility on financial performance with earnings management as mediating variable. Asian Journal of Accounting Research.Google Scholar ↗
  54. Malana, B. V. (2020). Supply and Delivery of Two (2) units Laboratory Refrigerator for Bacteriological Laboratory Unit under EMB-ERLSD-ELSS.Google Scholar ↗
  55. Maqbool, S., & Zameer, M. N. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: An empirical analysis of Indian banks. Future Business Journal, 4(1), 84-93.Google Scholar ↗
  56. Mathew, G. C., Prashar, S., & Ramanathan, H. N. (2018). Role of spirituality and religiosity on employee commitment and performance. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 16(3), 302-322.Google Scholar ↗
  57. Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of cardiac anaesthesia, 22(1), 67.Google Scholar ↗
  58. Munandar, A. I., & Lubis, M. Z. N. (2020). Integrity in leadership style context: A review. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Anti-Corruption and Integrity (ICOACI 2019), 62-69Google Scholar ↗
  59. Nasution, D. A. D. (2019, August). The Effect of Implementation Islamic Values and Employee Work Discipline on The Performance of Moslem Religious Employees at Regional Financial Management in the North Sumatera Provincial Government. In International Halal Conference & Exhibition 2019 (IHCE) (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-7).Google Scholar ↗
  60. Neville, R. C. (2018). Defining religion: Essays in philosophy of religion. SUNY Press.Google Scholar ↗
  61. Nickolas, S. (2021, April 30). How stratified random sampling works. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/032615/what-are-some-examples-stratified-random-sampling.asp#:~:text=Stratified%20random%20sampling%20is%20a,into%20groups%20is%20called%20stratification.Google Scholar ↗
  62. Nicolás-Carlock, J. R., & Luna-Pla, I. (2021). Conspiracy of Corporate Networks in Corruption Scandals. Frontiers in Physics, 9, 301.Google Scholar ↗
  63. Ohemeng, F.L.K., Obuobisa Darko, T. and Amoako-Asiedu, E. (2020). Bureaucratic leadership, trust-building, and employee engagement in the public sector in Ghana: The perspective of social exchange theory. International Journal of Public Leadership, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 17-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-05-2019-0018DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  64. Okafor, A., Adeleye, B. N., & Adusei, M. (2021). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance: Evidence from US tech firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 292, 126078.Google Scholar ↗
  65. Onyemah, V., Rouzies, D., & Iacobucci, D. (2018). Impact of religiosity and culture on salesperson job satisfaction and performance. International Journal of Cross-Cultural Management, 18(2), 191-219.Google Scholar ↗
  66. Oxford Learner's Dictionaries. (n.d.). Capability. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/capabilityGoogle Scholar ↗
  67. Pero, L. V., & Smith, T. F. (2008). Institutional credibility and leadership: critical challenges for community-based natural resource governance in rural and remote Australia. Regional Environmental Change, 8(1), 15-29.Google Scholar ↗
  68. Pew Research Center. (2016). Essentials of Christian identity vary by level of religiosity; many 'nones' say honesty vital to being a moral person. https://www.pewforum.org/2016/04/12/essentials-of-christian-identity-vary-by-level-of-religiosity-many-nones-say-honesty-vital-to-being-a-moral-person/Google Scholar ↗
  69. Punzalan, N. (2021, September 30). BARMM to operate landside facilities of Awang Airport. Www.pna.gov.ph. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1155137Google Scholar ↗
  70. Qiao, L., & Wu, J. (2019). Pay for being responsible: the effect of target firm's corporate social responsibility on cross-border acquisition premiums. Sustainability, 11(5), 1291.Google Scholar ↗
  71. Razak, S. H. A. (2019). Zakat and waqf as instrument of Islamic wealth in poverty alleviation and redistribution: Case of Malaysia. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy.Google Scholar ↗
  72. Regalado, C. (2013, October 22). Abaya: Nothing irregular in CAAP fire truck bidding. Rappler. https://r3.rappler.com/business/industries/171-aviation-tourism/41981-abaya-caap-airport-fire-truck-biddingGoogle Scholar ↗
  73. Reinikainen, H., Munnukka, J., Maity, D., & Luoma-aho, V. (2020). 'You really are a great big sister'–parasocial relationships, credibility, and the moderating role of audience comments in influencer marketing. Journal of marketing management, 36(3-4), 279-298.Google Scholar ↗
  74. Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C. D. (2018). Focusing on the fundamentals: A simplistic differentiation between qualitative and quantitative research. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 209-213.Google Scholar ↗
  75. Saenz, C. (2018). The context in mining projects influences the corporate social responsibility strategy to earn a social licence to operate: A case study in Peru. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(4), 554-564.Google Scholar ↗
  76. Said, J., Asry, S., Rafidi, M., Obaid, R. R., & Alam, M. (2019, June 13). Integrating Religiosity into Fraud Triangle Theory: Empirical Findings from Enforcement Officers. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/wcyg4DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  77. Sampal, J. (2019). Financial Management Capabilities of the School Principals on the Allocated Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses (MOOE). Ascendens Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Abstracts, 3(2).Google Scholar ↗
  78. Sarofim, S., & Cabano, F. G. (2018). In God we hope, in ads we believe: the influence of religion on hope, perceived ad credibility, and purchase behavior. Marketing Letters, 29(3), 391-404.Google Scholar ↗
  79. Seeram, E. (2019). An overview of correlational research. Radiologic Technology, 91(2), 176-179.Google Scholar ↗
  80. Seeram, E. (2021). Quantitative and Qualitative Research: An Overview of Approaches. Research for Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 13-23.Google Scholar ↗
  81. Shou, Y., Shao, J., Wang, W., & Lai, K. H. (2020). The impact of corporate social responsibility on trade credit: Evidence from Chinese small and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises. International Journal of Production Economics, 230, 107809.Google Scholar ↗
  82. Siueia, T. T., Wang, J., & Deladem, T. G. (2019). Corporate Social Responsibility and financial performance: A comparative study in the Sub-Saharan Africa banking sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 226, 658-668.Google Scholar ↗
  83. Smidova, Z. (2020). Building the evidence for OECD integrity and anti-corruption agenda: The current situation and avenues for future analysis.Google Scholar ↗
  84. Sobel, J. (1985). A Theory of Credibility. The Review of Economic Studies, 52(4), 557. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297732DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  85. Soelton, M., Amalia, D., Noermijati, N., & Wahyudiono, B. (2020, February). Self-esteem: the levels of religiosity in job insecurity and stress in government company. In 4th International Conference on Management, Economics and Business (ICMEB 2019) (pp. 302-310). Atlantis Press.Google Scholar ↗
  86. Suryasa, W. (2019). Historical Religion Dynamics: Phenomenon in Bali Island. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11(6), 1679-1685.Google Scholar ↗
  87. Tayeh, B. A., Al Hallaq, K., Alaloul, W. S., & Kuhail, A. R. (2018). Factors affecting the success of construction projects in Gaza Strip. The Open Civil Engineering Journal, 12(1).Google Scholar ↗
  88. Testoni, I., Bisceglie, D., Ronconi, L., Pergher, V., & Facco, E. (2018). Ambivalent trust and ontological representations of death as latent factors of religiosity. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1429349.Google Scholar ↗
  89. Thamrin, A., Ridjal, S., Syukur, M., Akib, H., & Syamsiar, S. (2021). Reframing the competitiveness strategy of Bugis traders based on spiritual entrepreneurship after the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Linguistics and Culture Review, 5(S1), 1449-1466.Google Scholar ↗
  90. Thomas, M. J., Wirtz, B. W., & Weyerer, J. C. (2019). Determinants of online review credibility and its impact on consumers' purchase intention. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 20(1), 1-20.Google Scholar ↗
  91. Tlaiss, H. A., & McAdam, M. (2021). Unexpected lives: The intersection of Islam and Arab women's entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 171(2), 253-272.Google Scholar ↗
  92. van Eeden Jones, I., & Lasthuizen, K. (2018). Building public sector integrity in Indonesia: the role and challenges of ethical leadership. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 40(3), 175-185.Google Scholar ↗
  93. Wan-Hussin, W. N., Qasem, A., Aripin, N., & Ariffin, M. S. M. (2021). Corporate responsibility disclosure, information environment and analysts' recommendations: Evidence from Malaysia. Sustainability, 13(6), 3568.Google Scholar ↗
  94. Webster Law Office. (2019, June 12). Is There a Difference Between Intent and Motive? The Law Office of David A. Webster, P.A. https://www.thewebsterlawoffice.com/blog/2019/june/is-there-a-difference-between-intent-and-motive-/#:~:text=Although%20motive%20and%20intent%20areGoogle Scholar ↗
  95. Williams Jr, R., Raffo, D. M., & Clark, L. A. (2018). Charisma as an attribute of transformational leaders: what about credibility? Journal of Management Development.Google Scholar ↗
  96. Xiaoming, L., Conghu, W., & Fujun, L. (2020). Managing Supplier Integrity in China's Public Procurement. China: An International Journal, 18(2), 26-54.Google Scholar ↗
  97. Xiong, B., Skitmore, M., Xia, P., Ballesteros-Pérez, P., Ye, K., & Zhang, X. (2019). Impact of corporate credit scoring on construction contractors in China. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 145(4), 05019002.Google Scholar ↗
  98. Yang, F., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Feeling energized: a multilevel model of spiritual leadership, leader integrity, relational energy, and job performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 983-997.Google Scholar ↗
  99. Zaman, R., Roudaki, J. and Nadeem, M. (2018). Religiosity and corporate social responsibility practices: evidence from an emerging economy. Social Responsibility Journal, Vol. 14 No. 2, pp. 368-395. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-10-2017-0204DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
  100. Zehra, S., & Minton, E. (2020). Should businesses use religious cues in advertising? A comparison of consumer perceptions across Christianity and Islam. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 44(5), 393-406.Google Scholar ↗
  101. Zeitoun, V., Michel, G. and Fleck, N. (2020). When brands use CEOs and employees as spokespersons: A framework for understanding internal endorsement. Qualitative Market Research, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 241-264. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-01-2019-0011DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
Author details
Rinante Genuba
Professor
✉ Corresponding Author
👤 View Profile →
Caesar Macahilig
👤 View Profile →
Alger P. Dura
👤 View Profile →