Abstract
The research aimed at assessing the effect of cashless financial services on economic Growth in Kigali, Rwanda. The study was conducted in Kigali Rwanda. The time was limited in the period of 2014-2022.Thestudy was guided by the following specific objectives upon which also the following research questions were derived: To evaluate the effect of internet banking on Economic Growth in Kigali, Rwanda. To establish the impact of mobile cards on Economic Growth in Kigali, Rwanda. To assess the effect of mobile wallets on Economic Growth in Kigali, Rwanda. To evaluate the effect on mobile money on Economic Growth in Kigali, Rwanda. The research employed the use of Focus Group as one of interview methods to collect data from respondents. Rwanda still faces less privacy, greater exposure to hacking, technological dependency, magnifying economic inequality, and more. The current study therefore sought to find out the effect of cashless financial services on economic growth in Kigali, Rwanda amidst of the highlighted challenges associated with the cashless society plan. The researcher collected data from employees of MTN Rwanda, Eco bank Rwanda, BK, BNR and beneficiaries of selected institutions. The research design included: questionnaires; interviews and documentation research techniques. The sample size of the study is210 participants from Bank of Kigali, Eco bank, telecommunication companies (MTN) including mobile money agents by means of purposive sampling. The researcher requested the selected institutions to allow their members to participate in the interview and an authority letter for data collection from the University was presented to selected Institutions. Confidentiality and privacy were observed during the interview process. The researcher allowed the respondents to be free when collecting the data, mentioning names was avoided as it could be considered as coercing the respondents. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS.
References
- Agwu, E. (2012). A Qualitative Study of the Problems and Prospects of Online Banking in Developing Economies–Case of Nigeria. Available at SSRN 3112130.Google Scholar ↗
- Akhisar, İ., Tunay, K. B., & Tunay, N. (2015). The effects of innovations on bank performance: The case of electronic banking services. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 195, 369-375.Google Scholar ↗
- Alka, R. Punit, K. (2018). cash less economy: meaning, method & impact on economy. Assistant Professor of Commerce, Janta Girls’ PG College, Ellenabad, Haryana, India.Google Scholar ↗
- Aranyossy, M. (2018). Citizen adoption of e-government services – Evidence from Hungary. Digital Transformation – Meeting the challenges. doi:10.18690/978-961-286-170-4.3DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
- Attitude towards the online shopping intention. Journal of Public Administration and Governance, 4(3), 90-108.Google Scholar ↗
- Balaji, K. C., & Balaji, K. (2017). A study on demonetization and its impact on cashless transactions. International Journal of Advanced Scientific Research & GROWTH, 4(3), 58- 64.Google Scholar ↗
- Bátiz-Lazo, B. (2018). Epilogue: The Cashless Economy and the ATM. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198782810.003.0010DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
- Bertonèche, M., & Knight, R. (2003). Financial economic developement Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.Google Scholar ↗
- Bilgihan, A. (2016). Gen Y customer loyalty in online shopping: An integrated model of trust, user experience and branding. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 103-113.Google Scholar ↗
- BNR (2017). Rwanda payment system strategy. Towards a cashless Rwanda 2018-2024. Retried April 1, 2019 from https://www.bnr.rwGoogle Scholar ↗
- BNR (2018). Payment system/RIPPS. Retrieved January 14, 2019 from: www.bnr.rw.Google Scholar ↗
- BNR (2018). The Rwandan banker the journey to a cashless economy. Kigali.Google Scholar ↗
- Ernest & Young, (2016). Reducing the shadow economy through electronic payments. U.K.Google Scholar ↗
- Ernest & Young, (2016). Tax administration is going digital. U.K.Google Scholar ↗
- Federal Trade Commission (2012), Electronic banking. Who’s afraid of the cashless society? Free University of Brussels.Google Scholar ↗
- Habimana, P., (2015). Tax law and public finance in Rwanda. University of Rwanda.Google Scholar ↗
- Harelimana, J., B. (2018). The role of electronic payment system on the financial economic developement of financial institutions in Rwanda.Google Scholar ↗
- Harelimana, J., B. (2018). The role of taxation on resilient economy and GROWTH of Rwanda.Musanze: Institute of Higher Education of Ruhengeri.Google Scholar ↗
- Ken, J. & Quaal, L. (2015). Audit techniques for electronic records and data systems.Google Scholar ↗
- Mahran, A. F., & Enaba, H. M. L. (2011). Exploring determinants influencing the intention to use mobile payment service. International Journal of Customer Relationship Marketing and Management (IJCRMM), 2(4), 17-37Google Scholar ↗
- Maitanmi, O. et al. (2013). Cashless society; driver’s and challenges in Nigeria. Vol 3, No.2. Backcock University. Nigeria.Google Scholar ↗
- Marinč, M. (2013). Banks and information technology: marketability vs. relationships. Electronic Commerce Research, 13(1), 71-101.Google Scholar ↗
- MasterCard. (2014). Cashless Journey: Tracking the Global Shift to Cashless Societies | Global Hub. Retrieved from https://newsroom.mastercard.com/digital-press-kits/cashless-journey- tracking-the-global-shift-to-cashless-societies/Google Scholar ↗
- MINECOFIN (2018). Rwanda financial sector strategy. Kigali.Google Scholar ↗
- MINECONFIN (January 21, 2019). Annual economic reports. Retrieved February 13, 2019 from http://www.minecofin.gov.rwGoogle Scholar ↗
- Mugambi, A., Njunge, C., & Yang, S. C. (2014). Mobile-money benefits and usage: the case of M- PESA. IT Professional, 16(3), 16-21.Google Scholar ↗
- Munjeyi, Edmore, Chiwira, Oscar, Maponga, Stephen, Samson. (2017). The Cashless Economy in Zimbabwe: The Golden Time to Tax the Informal Sector. The International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE.Google Scholar ↗
- Ndemo, A. (2015). Determinants of tax efficiency perceptions by domestic taxpayers in Kenya. Nairobi: KCA University.Google Scholar ↗
- Nithin, M., Jijin, P., & Baiju, P. (2018). Has Demonetisation Pushed Digitalisation in India? Some Counter Evidences. Journal of Business Thought, 9, 58-69.Google Scholar ↗
- Nuwagawa, A. (2014). Reality of having a cashless society in Rwanda. Kigali: Vice Chancellor, University of Kigali.Google Scholar ↗
- OECD (2006). Strengthening tax audit capabilities: General principles and approaches. retrieved Sept 13th 2019 from https://www.oecd.org/tax/administration/37 589900.pdfGoogle Scholar ↗
- Okiro, A. (2015). The effect of e-payment on revenue collection by the Nairobi city county Government. School of business of university of Nairobi.Google Scholar ↗
- Okoye, E. & Avwokeni, A. (2014). Cashless economy, Tax evasion and the behaviour of selfemployed and professionals in Nigeria. Akwa: Nnamdi Azikiwe University.Google Scholar ↗
- Ordu, M. & Anyanwaokoro, M. (2016). Cashless economic policy in Nigeria: A Economic developement Appraisal of The Banking Industry.Google Scholar ↗
- Osei-Assibey, E. (2015). Mobile Money and Financial Inclusion. Financial Inclusion for Poverty Alleviation, 118-135. doi:10.9774/gleaf.9781315103457_9DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
- Porter, T. (Ed.). (2014). Transnational financial regulation after the crisis. Routledge. Rafique, M., Rizwan, M., Batool, A., & Aslam, F. (2014). Extending TAM, in terms of Trust andGoogle Scholar ↗
- Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of Innovations (4th Eds.) ACM The Free Press (Sept. 2001). New York, 15-23.Google Scholar ↗
- Rogoff, K. (2015). Costs and benefits to phasing out paper currency. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 29(1), 445-456.Google Scholar ↗
- Roy, A. (2018). Business impacts of electronic banking technologies. International Journal of Electronic Banking,1(2), 113. doi:10.1504/ijebank.2018.10016639DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗
- RRA (2016). Annual activity report 2016/17 on taxes for growth and GROWTH. Kigali.Google Scholar ↗
- RRA (2018). Annual activity report 2017/18 on taxes for growth and GROWTH. Kigali.Google Scholar ↗
- RRA (2018). Taxes and customs duties in the GROWTH of our Nation Rwanda. Kigali.Google Scholar ↗
- RRA 2018). RRA annual reports. Retrieved Jan 23, 2019 from https://www.rra.gov.rwGoogle Scholar ↗
- Saarijärvi, H., Mitronen, L., & Yrjölä, M. (2014). From selling to supporting–Leveraging mobile services in the context of food retailing. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 21(1), 26-36.Google Scholar ↗
- Shukla, U. N. (2017). An empirical study on future of mobile-wallets in India: A gateway for cashless payments. Arthshastra: Indian Journal of Economics & Research, 6(6), 51-62.Google Scholar ↗
- Son, I., & Kim, S. (2018). Mobile Payment Service and the Firm Value: Focusing on both Up-and Down-Stream Alliance. Sustainability, 10(7), 2583.Google Scholar ↗
- Tee, H. H., & Ong, H. B. (2016). Cashless payment and economic growth. Financial Innovation, 2(1), 4.Google Scholar ↗
- The Perryman Group (2015). The electronic payment system. An Assessment of Benefits for the US and State Economies. U.S.A.Google Scholar ↗
- Thomas, H., Jain, A., & Angus, M. (2013). Measuring progress toward a cashless society. MasterCard Advisors.Google Scholar ↗
- Tilakaratna, G. (2016). Financial Inclusion in Sri Lanka: Current Status and Issues. In Financial Inclusion in Asia (pp. 187-208). Palgrave Macmillan, London.Google Scholar ↗
- Upadhyay, P., & Jahanyan, S. (2016). Analyzing user perspective on the factors affecting use intention of mobile based transfer payment. Internet Research, 26(1), 38-56.Google Scholar ↗
- USAID (2016). Domestic resource mobilization. Case study of Rwanda, 1990-2016.Google Scholar ↗