Liquid Nanoco2 with Kaigen and GEIOS Technologies with Thermal and Rheological Characterization of Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Nanoparticle-Enhanced Liquid CO2 for District Cooling and Data Centers Applications,

Shad Abdelmoumen SERROUNE; Dr IR Khasan; Dr Sandra Merrier; Tadeshi Ryushi

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive thermal and rheological characterization of a novel hybrid nanofluid consisting of liquid carbon dioxide (CO₂) enhanced with graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The nanofluid was analyzed across temperatures ranging from 8°C to -20°C to evaluate its heat transfer properties, rheological behavior, and phase stability at varying pressures. Results indicate a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity (approximately 77% improvement over pure liquid CO₂) while maintaining favorable flow characteristics with minimal viscosity increase. Temperature-dependent testing demonstrated robust performance across the operational range, with excellent stability characteristics maintained at pressures between 20-40 bar. The findings support the viability of this nanofluid as an advanced heat transfer medium for district cooling and data center applications, particularly in water-scarce regions.

References

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[refR-2] Serroune, S. A. et al. Advanced Two-Stage Nanocomposite Membrane System for Methane and Carbon Dioxide Separation from Atmospheric Air. Int. J. Novel Res. Dev. 2024, 9 (10), 128–135. IJNRD LinkGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-3] Serroune, S. A. et al. Advanced Two-Stage Nanocomposite Membrane System for Methane and Carbon Dioxide Separation from Atmospheric Air. SSRN 2024, 4982911. SSRN PreprintGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-4] KAIGEN Labs. Nano-Molecular Membrane Technology for Precision Methane Capture. White Paper 2024. KAIGEN Resource HubGoogle Scholar ↗

[refR-5] Serroune, S. A. et al. Development and Characterization of Advanced Nano-Coating with CeO₂, Al₂O₃, ZnO, and TiO₂ Nanoparticles. J. Nanomater. Sci. 2024, 7 (2), 45–68. DOI:10.1080/27660400.2024.1987612DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-6] Wang, X.-Q.; Mujumdar, A. S. Heat Transfer Characteristics of Nanofluids: A Review. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 2007, 46 (1), 1–19. DOI:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2006.06.010DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

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[refR-8] Incropera, F. P.; DeWitt, D. P.; Bergman, T. L.; Lavine, A. S. Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th ed.; Wiley: Hoboken, 2011.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-9] Singh, N. K. et al. Advanced Molecular Sieving Membranes for Atmospheric CO₂ Capture. J. Membr. Sci. 2024, 689, 122215. DOI:10.1016/j.memsci.2024.122215DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-10] International Desalination Association. 2021 Global Desalination Inventory. IDA Rep. 2021, 45–68.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-11] Colebrook, C. F.; White, C. M. Experiments with Fluid Friction in Roughened Pipes. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 1937, 161 (906), 367–381. DOI:10.1098/rspa.1937.0150DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-12] Maxwell, J. C. A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed.; Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1892.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-13] Zhang, X. et al. Graphene Oxide Dispersion Stability in Supercritical CO₂. Langmuir 2022, 38 (12), 3721–3733. DOI:10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03244DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-14] GEIOS Consortium. Enhanced Quantum Geothermal Systems: Technical Specifications. EGS Tech. Bull. 2024, 12 (3), 1–45.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-15] American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME B31.3-2024: Process Piping. ASME Press 2024.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-16] International Organization for Standardization. ISO 80000-9:2023 Quantities and Units – Physical Chemistry and Molecular Physics. ISO Publ. 2023.Google Scholar ↗

[refR-17] Hasselman, D. P. H.; Johnson, L. F. Effective Thermal Conductivity of Composites with Interfacial Thermal Barrier Resistance. J. Compos. Mater. 1987, 21 (6), 508–515. DOI:10.1177/002199838702100602DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-18] Buongiorno, J. et al. A Benchmark Study on the Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids. J. Appl. Phys. 2009, 106 (9), 094312. DOI:10.1063/1.3245330DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-19] Hamilton, R. L.; Crosser, O. K. Thermal Conductivity of Heterogeneous Two-Component Systems. Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1962, 1 (3), 187–191. DOI:10.1021/i160003a005DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-20] Prasher, R.; Bhattacharya, P.; Phelan, P. E. Thermal Conductivity of Nanoscale Colloidal Solutions (Nanofluids). Phys. Rev. Lett. 2005, 94 (2), 025901. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.025901DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-21] Li, Y.; Zhou, J.; Tung, S.; Schneider, E.; Xi, S. A Review on Development of Nanofluid Preparation and Characterization. Powder Technol. 2009, 196 (2), 89–101. DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2009.07.025DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

[refR-22] Keblinski, P.; Phillpot, S. R.; Choi, S. U. S.; Eastman, J. A. Mechanisms of Heat Flow in Suspensions of Nano-Sized Particles (Nanofluids). Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 2002, 45 (4), 855–863. DOI:10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00175-2DOI ↗Google Scholar ↗

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[refR-24] Grant Thornton. Total Cost of Ownership Analysis: District Cooling Systems in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries. Energy Econ. Report 2022, 1–73.Google Scholar ↗