Abstract
The Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on businesses worldwide, with the tourism and hospitality sector being particularly affected. This study investigates how managers of beachside businesses in Cape Coast, Ghana, perceive the pandemic's impact on patronage and health and safety practices. Using a qualitative approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 managers, and thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data. The findings reveal three primary themes: a significant decline in patronage due to restrictions and fear of infection, the adoption of enhanced health and safety practices to comply with mandates and reassure customers, and mixed perceptions of the pandemic as either a curse due to financial losses or a blessing in disguise due to opportunities for innovation and improvement. The study concludes that the pandemic has been both a curse and a blessing for these businesses, with recommendations for sustaining health and safety improvements, exploring digital innovations, and providing targeted policy support to foster recovery and resilience.
Keywords
- Covid-19
- Beachside businesses
- Cape Coast
- Ghana
- Patronage
- Health and safety practices
References
- 1. Aduhene, D. T., & Osei-Assibey, E. (2021). Socio-economic impact of COVID-19 on Ghana's economy: challenges and prospects. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(4), 543-556. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-08-2020-0582
- 2. Afriyie, D. K., Asare, G. A., Amponsah, S. K., & Godman, B. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic in resource-poor countries: Challenges, experiences and opportunities in Ghana. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 14(08), 838-843. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.12909
- 3. Ahmadi, E., Lundqvist, D., Bergström, G., & Macassa, G. (2023). A qualitative study of factors that managers in small companies consider important for their wellbeing. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 18(1), 2286669. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2023.2286669
- 4. Ahmadi, E., Lundqvist, D., Bergström, G., & Macassa, G. (2024). Managers in the context of small business growth: A qualitative study of working conditions and wellbeing. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 2050. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19578-4
- 5. Al-Hasni, Z. S. (2021). Identifying and prioritizing ways to improve Oman’s tourism sector in the corona period. Journal of Intercultural Management, 13(1), 144-176. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1021380
- 6. Asante, L. A., & Mills, R. O. (2020). Exploring the socio-economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic in marketplaces in urban Ghana. Africa Spectrum, 55(2), 170–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002039720943612
- 7. Bakar, N. A., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4), 189-193. https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.74.23
- 8. Bartik, T. J. (2020). Helping America’s distressed communities recover from the COVID-19 recession and achieve long-term prosperity. Washington, DC: Metropolitan Policy Program at the Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/20200923_BrookingsMetro_Distressed-Communities-COVID19-Recovery_Bartik_Report.pdf
- 9. Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member checking: A tool to enhance trustworthiness or merely a nod to validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802-1811. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870
- 10. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- 11. Butler, R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution: Implications for management of resources. Canadian Geographies / Géographies canadiennes, 24(1), 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1980.tb00970.x
- 12. Cho, J., & Trent, A. (2006). Validity in qualitative research revisited. Qualitative Research, 6(3), 319-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794106065006
- 13. Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or reliability and validity in qualitative research: Perspectives, strategies, reconceptualization, and recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(4), 253-263. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253
- 14. Duhoe, A. A. A., & Toffa, B. A. (2020). COVID-19: A blessing or curse on affected countries and its citizens. Research Journal in Advanced Social Sciences, 1, 32-39. https://doi.org/10.58256/rjass.v1i.106
- 15. Fotiadis, A., Polyzos, S., & Huan, T. C. T. (2021). The good, the bad and the ugly on COVID-19 tourism recovery. Annals of Tourism Research, 87, article 103117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103117
- 16. Ghana Statistical Service. (2020). COVID-19 Updates. Retrieved, 30/12/2024, from https://ghanahealthservice.org/covid19/archive.php
- 17. Huang, S. S., Shao, Y., Zeng, Y., Liu, X., & Li, Z. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Chinese nationals' tourism preferences. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40, article 100895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100895
- 18. Jones, K. E., Patel, N. G., Levy, M. A., Storeygard, A., Balk, D., Gittleman, J. L., & Daszak, P. (2008). Global trends in emerging infectious diseases. Nature, 451(7181), 990-993. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06536
- 19. Kang, S. E., Park, C., Lee, C. K., & Lee, S. (2021). The stress-induced impact of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality workers. Sustainability, 13(3), article 1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031327
- 20. Khamung, R., & Hsu, P. S. (2021). A Process of Change for Tourism Destination Management: Renewal Strategies for Small Businesses at the Bangsaen Beach after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Change Management: An International Journal, 21(1), 73-93. 10.18848/2327-798X/CGP/v21i01/73-93
- 21. Li, S., Ding, J., Zheng, X., & Sui, Y. (2021). Beach tourists behavior and beach management strategy under the ongoing prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic: A case study of Qingdao, China. Ocean & Coastal Management, 215, 105974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105974
- 22. Liang, S. T., Liang, L. T., & Rosen, J. M. (2021). COVID-19: A comparison to the 1918 influenza and how we can defeat it. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 97(1147), 273-274. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139070
- 23. Nwagbara, U. I., Osual, E. C., Chireshe, R., Bolarinwa, O. A., Saeed, B. Q., Khuzwayo, N., & Hlongwana, K. W. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, perception, and preventative practices towards COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa: A scoping review. PLoS One, 16(4), Article e0249853. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249853
- 24. Olmos-Vega, F. M., Stalmeijer, R. E., Varpio, L., & Kahlke, R. (2023). A practical guide to reflexivity in qualitative research: AMEE Guide No. 149. Medical Teacher, 45(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2022.2057287
- 25. Piuchan, M., Chan, C. W., & Kaale, J. (2018). Economic and socio-cultural impacts of Mainland Chinese tourists on Hong Kong residents. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.11.004
- 26. Putra, R. A. B. N. (2021). Strategic recovery plan: The resilience of Wyndham Garden Kuta Beach Bali after major impacts of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Glocal Tourism, 2(1), 13-27. https://doi.org/10.58982/injogt.v2i1.37
- 27. Su, L., Yang, X., & Swanson, S. R. (2022). The impact of spatial-temporal variation on tourist destination resident quality of life. Tourism Management, 93, Article 104572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104572
- 28. Sun, Y. Y., Sie, L., Faturay, F., Auwalin, I., & Wang, J. (2021). Who are vulnerable in a tourism crisis? A tourism employment vulnerability analysis for the COVID-19 management. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.08.014
- 29. WHO. (2020). A year without precedent: WHO’s COVID-19 response. World Health Organisation. Retrieved, 20/12/2024, from https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/a-year-without-precedent-who-s-covid-19-response
- 30. Yeh, S. S. (2021). Tourism recovery strategy against COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Recreation Research, 46(2), 188-194. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2020.1805933
- 31. Zhang, H., Song, H., Wen, L., & Liu, C. (2021). Forecasting tourism recovery amid COVID-19. Annals of tourism research, 87, article 103149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103149
- 32. Zielinski, S., & Botero, C. M. (2020). Beach tourism in times of COVID-19 pandemic: critical issues, knowledge gaps and research opportunities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(19), article 7288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197288