Neutrality Principles of WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism: Legal and Moral Dimensions
Downloads
This paper examines the neutrality principle of the WTO dispute settlement system, which functions as a quasi-judicial body in the settlement of international trade disputes. Given the system's resemblance to traditional courts, its effectiveness in ensuring justice hinges on its adherence to neutrality, ensuring fairness, impartiality, and the rule of law. Recent developments, such as the United States obstruction of the Appellate Body, underscore the tension between maintaining neutrality and addressing external pressures that may compromise this foundational principle. This study analyzes the complexities of the neutrality dynamic in the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and argues for the organization's imperative to protect neutrality amidst emerging challenges. the method used in this study is juridical normative with historical-descriptive characteristics. The research method used is qualitative. The findings of this paper will highlight the need to protect the neutrality principle of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism and the need for change or clarification of the confusion that this blending of economic or political power in DSM, and not beyond that the neutrality of WTO is the heart of this research.
Downloads
Aileen Kwa, "Power Politics in the WTO", CUSRI, Chulalongkorn University Bangkok, THAILAND, Jan (2003).
Albertoni, N. D. "A Historical Overview of the 21st-Century Protectionism: How did we arrive at this point?", Latin American Journal of Trade Policy, Vol 4, issue 10, (2021) 5–23.
Amrita Narlikar, "Fairness in International Trade Negotiations: Developing Countries in the GATT and WTO", The world economy, Vol 29, Issue 8, 12 July (2006).
Aniekan Ukpe, Sangeeta Khorana, "Special and differential treatment in the WTO: framing differential treatment to achieve (real) development", Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 26 May (2021).
ASJA S, Youri D, "The World Trade Organization and regional trade Agreements: Bridging the Constitutional", Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, Vol 18 issue 1, (2007).
Britannica, T. "Most-favoured-nation treatment." Encyclopedia Britannica, March 20, (2023).
Büthe T., "Controlling Institutions: International Organizations and the Global Economy", By Randall W. Stone. New York: Cambridge University Press, (2011).
Cameron, James, and Kevin R. Gray. “Principles of International Law in the WTO Dispute Settlement Body.” The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (2001). Pp. 98-248.
Carmody Chios, “Fairness as Appropriateness: Some Reflections on Procedural Fairness in WTO Law” in Armin Savarian "Procedural Fairness in International Courts and Tribunals", British Institute for International and Comparative Law, (2015).
Cinzia Carta, "Companies’ policies of neutrality and the principle of non-discrimination", Variazioni su Temi di Diritto del Lavoro, Jul (2023).
Conconi, P. and Perroni, C. “Special and differential treatment of developing countries in the WTO”, World Trade Review, Vol. 14 No. 1, (2015).
Dahl, Norman O. “Plato’s Defense of Justice.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 51, no. 4 (1991).
Emmert, Frank. "Labor, Environmental Standards, and World Trade Law". University of California, Vol10. (2003). Pp.75-167.
Franceschet, Antonio. “Justice and International Organization: Two Models of Global Governance.” Global Governance 8, issue 1, (2002). Pp. 19–34
Gary P Sampson, "Challenges Facing the World Trade Organization: An Overview", Australian Economic Review, Vol 51, Issue 4, Dec (2018). Pp. 453-473
Giga Abuseridze, "Role of the WTO in the Development of International Trade and Economic Sustainability", Rīga Stradiņš University, Faculty of Law, Latvia, RSU elektroniskais juridisko zinātnisko rakstu žurnāls Vol. 3 (21), (2021).
Gottfried, M. S., & Trager, R. F. "A preference for war: How fairness and rhetoric influence leadership incentives in crises". International, Studies Quarterly. (2016). P. 243–257.
Gregory Shaffer, “How to make the WTO Dispute Settlement System Work for Developing Countries: Some Proactive Developing Country Strategies”, (2005).
Guzman, Andrew T. "Determining the Appropriate Standard of Review in WTO Disputes," Cornell International Law Journal: Vol 42, Article 3. (2009).
Henkin, Louis. “International Organization and the Rule of Law.” International Organization 23, no. 3 (1969).
Hershey, Amos S. “Neutrality and International Law.” International Journal of Ethics, Vol 26, no. 2 (1916). Pp. 76-168.
J.H.H. Weiler, Sungjoon Cho, Isabel Feichtner, Julian Arato, "International and regional trade law: the law of the World Trade Organization, The Most-Favored Nation (MFN)Principle", (2017).
Jackson, John H., Robert E. Hudec, and Donald Davis. “The Role and Effectiveness of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism [with Comments and Discussion].” Brookings Trade Forum, (2000). Pp. 179–236
Jo-Ann Crawford, "Regional trade agreements and the WTO", The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol 12, Issue 2, July (2001), Pp. 193-211
Kalim Siddiqui. “International Trade, WTO and Economic Development.” World Review of Political Economy, Vol 7, issue. 4 (2016). Pp.426.
Lautenbach, Geranne, “The Rule of Law Concept”, The Concept of the Rule of Law and the European Court of Human Rights, 23 Jan. (2014).
Marc L. Busch& Eric Reinhardt "Testing International Trade Law: Empirical Studies of GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement", Queenís School of Business, Queenís University, Aug 14, (2000).
Marvin Spence, "Trade Liberalization and Environmental Protection", E-International Relations,15 Mar (2011).
Matteo Fiorini, Bernard M. Hoekman, Petros C. Mavroidis, Maarja Saluste & Robert Wolfe, WTO Dispute Settlement and the Appellate Body Crisis: Insider Perceptions and Members’ Revealed Preferences, 54 Journal of World Trade 667 (2020).
Nankivell, T, "Living, labour and environmental standards and the WTO", Staff Working Paper, Productivity Commission, Canberra, Jan (2002).
Nicolas F Diebold, "Standards of non-discrimination in international economic law", ICLQ, vol 60, Oct (2011). Pp. 831–865
Pascal Lamy, "The World Trade Organization: new issues, New Challenges", French in the En Temps Réel series, 4 Sep (2014).
Paul Weithman. “John Rawls and the Task of Political Philosophy.” The Review of Politics 71, no. 1 (2009).
Pauwelyn, Joost. “The Transformation of World Trade.” Michigan Law Review 104, no. 1 (2005): Pp.1–65.
Peter Sutherland and John Sewell, "Challenges facing the WTO and policies to address global governance", 30 Oct (2000).
Rafael Arcas, Luis .M, and others, "Climate neutrality and sustainability in international trade", U. Pa. J. Int'l L. Vol. 44 No.3, (2023).
Rafael Leal, “International Trade and Sustainability Perspectives from Developing and Developed Countries”, (2022).
Randall W. Stone, "Controlling institutions: International organizations and the global economy (New York: Cambridge University Press) The Review of International Organizations, Vol 7 issue 1, Mar (2012). Pp.109-113
Robert Howse & Joanna Langille. "Continuity and Change in the World Trade Organization: Pluralism Past, Present, and Future". American Journal of International Law, Vol 117 issue 1, (2023), Pp1-47.
Ruyi Xiao, "An Analysis of the Merits and Demerits of the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Mechanism System and the Disadvantageous Position of Developing Countries in it", Global Finance Review, Vol 4, Issue 1, (2022).
Sayf Eddine Essadik, "RULE OF LAW, ETAT DE DROIT and PARALLEL CONCEPTS: WHICH EXPLAINS BETTER THE FAZHI (法治)?", International Journal of Law and Policy Review (IJLPR), Vol. 8 No. 2 Jul (2019).
Sheila Page & Peter Kleen. "Special and Differential Treatment of Developing Countries in the World Trade Organization", Global Development Studies, EGDI Secretariat, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden, (2005).
Steve Charnovitz, "The WTO’s Environmental Progress", The Journal of International Economic Law, vol 10 issue 3, (2007). Pp. 685-706
T. K. Shahani, "Neutrality and the law of neutrality in recent times ", The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 3, No. 3, Mar (1942), pp. 277-312
Vranes, Erich, "Non-Discrimination and Justification in the GATT", Trade and the Environment: Fundamental Issues in International Law, WTO Law, and Legal Theory", International Economic Law Series, 1 May (2009).
Wantu, F, "Realizing Legal Certainty, Justice and Benefit in Judge's Decisions in Civil Courts". Journal of Legal Dynamics, (2012).
Wening Tiarashanny, IntanInayatun Soeparna, "The Principle of Justice toward the WTO retaliation based on Article 22 of dispute settlement Understanding", Journal of Archaeology of Egyptology 17(4), (2020).
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohamed Salah Adawi Ahmed, Basel Khaled Alsaeed, Muhammad Zeeshan Ajmal, Zhang Junxiang
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
