The Dairy Industry In Uruguay: Is The Path Of Intensification Sustainable?

dairy farming, environmental sustainability, intensification, effluent management, soil quality, Uruguay.

Authors

  • Leonardo Vique González Legal Technical Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Republic, Uruguay Agricultural Engineer, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de la Empresa, Uruguay Máster en Ingeníera Ambiental, Faculty of Engineering, Global Technological University, Andorra, Uruguay
Vol. 13 No. 10 (2025)
Forestry, Environmental and Ecological
October 31, 2025

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Dairy farming in Uruguay has undergone a profound intensification process in recent decades, doubling its production with half the number of farms. This growth, based on increased stocking rates, individual productivity, and the use of external inputs, has generated economic benefits but also significant environmental pressures. This article analyzes the environmental sustainability of this model, based on an extensive review of national research. It examines critical impacts such as water pollution from nutrient surplus (Nitrogen and Phosphorus), evidenced by the eutrophication of streams and contamination of wells, and soil degradation, with significant organic carbon losses associated with conventional tillage. High-intensification systems, which seek to maximize production, are contrasted with alternative, more pastoral, and lower-cost models that, although achieving lower physical productivity, can achieve similar economic results with less risk and input dependency. The article concludes that while validated tools and technologies exist in the country to mitigate impacts such as integrated effluent management through anaerobic digesters and conservation agriculture (no-till) there is still a long way to go in their widespread adoption. The sustainable future of Uruguayan dairy farming requires a redefinition of efficiency, integrating environmental management as a strategic pillar to align the sector's competitiveness with its long-term resilience.